The Lancet and colonialism: past, present, and future.

The historical and contemporary alignment of medical and health journals with colonial practices needs elucidation. Colonialism, which sought to exploit colonised people and places, was justified by the prejudice that colonised people's ways of knowing and being are inferior to those of the colonisers. Institutions for knowledge production and dissemination, including academic journals, were therefore central to sustaining colonialism and its legacies today. This invited Viewpoint focuses on The Lancet, following its 200th anniversary, and is especially important given the extent of The Lancet's global influence. We illuminate links between The Lancet and colonialism, with examples from the past and present, showing how the journal legitimised and continues to promote specific types of knowers, knowledge, perspectives, and interpretations in health and medicine. The Lancet's role in colonialism is not unique; other institutions and publications across the British empire cooperated with empire-building through colonisation. We therefore propose investigations and raise questions to encourage broader contestation on the practices, audience, positionality, and ownership of journals claiming leadership in global knowledge production.

The settler colonial roots and neoliberal afterlife of Problem Behavior Theory.

Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) is an influential psychosocial theory that has shaped-and continues to shape-much research on adolescent development in the United States and abroad. It is the product of over a half-century of research conducted by psychologists-cum-behavioral scientists Lee and Richard Jessor. This article engages two striking features of the history of PBT. First, it tracks how, and to what effect, a theory elaborated to explain the so-called "deviant behavior" of a group of Native Americans was extended to explain the "problem behavior" of white, middle-class, settler youth, before coming to circulate as a universal theory of adolescent behavior. Second, it explores how a theory that was meant to explain individual behaviors by connecting them to their larger social contexts came to be embraced by researchers who have been criticized for doing precisely the opposite. To do so, this article draws from Indigenous and Settler Colonial Studies scholarship and sheds light on how the logics of settler colonialism and neoliberalism have participated in the coproduction of PBT and its reception.

Mahamari Plague: Rats, Colonial Medicine and Indigenous Knowledge in Kumaon and Garhwal, India.

Colonial approaches to animal and zoonotic diseases are often scrutinized in terms of their recognition or dismissal of indigenous knowledge. In this article I examine British colonial approaches to "Mahamari plague" in mid-nineteenth century Kumaon and Garhwal, in the Indian Himalayas. Discussing two key colonial medical expeditions in the region, I argue that the eventual recognition of the validity of Kumaoni and Garhwali knowledge of Mahamari and its relation to rats intensified intrusive colonial intervention on indigenous lifeways. I examine this neglected impact of the colonial recognition of indigenous knowledge and urge for approaches that place more emphasis on the practical impact of colonial epistemologies.

Gomastahs, Peons, Police and Chowdranies: The Role of Indian Subordinate in the Functioning of the Lock Hospitals and the Indian Contagious Diseases Act, 1805 to 1889.

Recent scholarship on the social history of health and medicine in colonial India has moved beyond enclavist or hegemonic aspects of imperial medicine and has rather focused on the role of Indian intermediaries and the fractured nature of colonial hegemony. Drawing inspiration from this scholarship, the article highlights the significance of the Indian subordinates in the lock hospital system in the nineteenth century Madras Presidency. This study focuses on a class of Indian subordinates called the "gomastah", who were employed to detect clandestine prostitution in Madras to control the spread of venereal disease. It also underlines the role of other native and non-native subordinates such as Dhais, Chowdranies and Matrons, the ways in which they became indispensable for the smoother operation of the Contagious Diseases Act and the lock hospitals on a day-to-day basis. By emphasising how Indian subordinates were able to bring in caste biases within colonial governmentality, adding another layer to the colonial prejudices and xenophobia against the native population, it underlines the fact that there was not a one-way appropriation or facilitation of the coloniser's knowledge or biases by the colonised intermediaries. Rather, it argues for an interaction between them, and highlights the complexities of caste hierarchies and prejudice within the everyday colonial governmentality. Moreover, the article focuses on the consequent chaos and inherent power struggle between different factions of colonial staff.

La universidad médica en Cuba durante la etapa colonial / The medical university in Cuba during the colonial period

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación sobre la universidad médica en Cuba, incluyendo la enseñanza de la Medicina y la Estomatología, con el objetivo de explicar su evolución histórica durante la etapa colonial. Se enfatizó en las principales figuras que ejercieron en este período, las primeras publicaciones médicas, y las instituciones y centros asistenciales que regían la práctica de la medicina. Se concluye que la universidad médica en Cuba se fundó sobre una base escolástica y tradicionalista. A partir de 1842, la enseñanza de la Medicina se desarrolló con la creación de nuevos planes de estudios, el incremento de profesionales capacitados, la publicación de revistas científicas de alto prestigio, y la aparición de centros docentes de gran calidad (AU).

ABSTRACT A research was carried out on the medical university in Cuba, including the teaching of Medicine and Dentistry, with the aim of explaining its historical evolution during the colonial period. The authors emphasized the main figures who worked during this period, the first medical publications, and the institutions and healthcare centers that implemented the practice of medicine. It is concluded that the medical university in Cuba was founded on a scholastic and traditionalist basis. From 1842, the teaching of Medicine developed with the creation of new curricula, the increase of trained professionals, the publication of high-quality scientific journals, and the emergence of high-quality teaching centers (AU).

Seizing the Means of Reproduction? Canada, Cancer Screening, and the Colonial History of the Cytopipette.

In recent years, self-sampling has emerged as a compelling way of increasing cervical cancer screening rates within First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities. By allowing women to take their own samples in private, when and where they are most comfortable, home testing kits have been framed as a new, unequivocally feminist technology, and a panacea in Indigenous health. But are these techniques really as ethical and empowering as they have been made out to be? To answer this question, this article traces the history of the uptake and use of cervical cancer screening technologies in Canada. By tracing the mechanics and motivations of two state-sponsored cervical cancer screening studies carried out by Canada's Department of Indian Health Services during the mid to late twentieth century, this piece explores the settler-colonial roots of cancer surveillance, and shows how the implementation of both Pap-testing and DIY forms of screening within Indigenous communities has, at least historically, been more about enacting biopolitical regimes than promoting feminist ideals or improving health outcomes.

From settlements to the botanical garden: the appropriation of plants used by indigenous peoples in the captaincy of Guayases, 1772-1806. / Dos aldeamentos ao horto botânico: a apropriação de plantas de uso indígena na capitania de Guayases, 1772-1806.

The article intends to contribute to the history of science, indigenous history and the history of Portuguese America. We begin with the methodological assumptions of Dominique Pestre and the historiography on Portuguese America to investigate a network of indigenous settlements, the work of civil servants with naturalist knowledge, the shipment of botanical species for analysis in Portugal and, finally, the foundation of a botanical garden in the captaincy of Guayases (Goiás) from 1772 to 1806. We describe the indigenous contribution to the construction of natural history knowledge, and discuss the influence of Enlightenment concepts on the reform of the Portuguese colonial system in the captaincy based on Portuguese administrative documentation, letters and study of the application of laws and instructions.

O artigo pretende contribuir com a história das ciências, a história indígena e a história da América portuguesa. Parte-se dos pressupostos metodológicos de Dominique Pestre e da historiografia sobre a América portuguesa para interrogar a existência de uma rede de aldeamentos indígenas, a atuação de funcionários com saberes naturalistas, o envio de espécies botânicas para análise em Portugal e, por fim, a fundação de um horto botânico na capitania de Guayases (Goiás) entre 1772 e 1806. Apresenta-se a contribuição indígena na construção dos conhecimentos da história natural e discutem-se as influências de concepções da Ilustração na reforma do sistema colonial português na capitania a partir de documentação administrativa portuguesa, cartas e do estudo da aplicação de leis e instruções.

Dos aldeamentos ao horto botânico: a apropriação de plantas de uso indígena na capitania de Guayases, 1772-1806 / From settlements to the botanical garden: the appropriation of plants used by indigenous peoples in the captaincy of Guayases, 1772-1806

Resumo O artigo pretende contribuir com a história das ciências, a história indígena e a história da América portuguesa. Parte-se dos pressupostos metodológicos de Dominique Pestre e da historiografia sobre a América portuguesa para interrogar a existência de uma rede de aldeamentos indígenas, a atuação de funcionários com saberes naturalistas, o envio de espécies botânicas para análise em Portugal e, por fim, a fundação de um horto botânico na capitania de Guayases (Goiás) entre 1772 e 1806. Apresenta-se a contribuição indígena na construção dos conhecimentos da história natural e discutem-se as influências de concepções da Ilustração na reforma do sistema colonial português na capitania a partir de documentação administrativa portuguesa, cartas e do estudo da aplicação de leis e instruções.

Abstract The article intends to contribute to the history of science, indigenous history and the history of Portuguese America. We begin with the methodological assumptions of Dominique Pestre and the historiography on Portuguese America to investigate a network of indigenous settlements, the work of civil servants with naturalist knowledge, the shipment of botanical species for analysis in Portugal and, finally, the foundation of a botanical garden in the captaincy of Guayases (Goiás) from 1772 to 1806. We describe the indigenous contribution to the construction of natural history knowledge, and discuss the influence of Enlightenment concepts on the reform of the Portuguese colonial system in the captaincy based on Portuguese administrative documentation, letters and study of the application of laws and instructions.

Public mental health care in colonial Lesotho: themes emerging from archival material, 1918-35.

This paper identifies some of the themes that emerge from a study of official archival records from 1918 to 1934 on the subject of mental health in colonial Lesotho. They include: difficulties experienced by colonial medical doctors in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses, given the state of medical knowledge in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; impact of shortage of financial and other resources on the establishment and operation of medical services, especially mental health care; convergence of social order, financial and medical concerns as influences on colonial approaches to mental health care; and the question of whether Basotho colonial society saw institutionalization of their relatives as 'hospitalization' or 'imprisonment'. Two case studies are presented as preliminary explorations of some of the themes.

The Cholera Epidemic of 1907 and the Formation of Colonial Epidemic Control Systems in Korea.

It was in 1907 when Korea was annexed by Japan in the field of health care systems as the Gwangje Hospital, Uihakgyo the National Medical School and the Korean Red Cross Hospital were merged into the colonial Daehan Hospital, and massive cholera epidemic controls by the Japanese Army were enforced. However, despite their importance, the cholera epidemic of 1907 in Korea and preventive measures taken at that time have not yet been studied extensively as a single research subject. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more concrete and broader understanding of the Korea-Japan annexation of health care systems under the rule of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea by revealing new facts and correcting existing errors. In 1907, cholera was transmitted to Korea from China and Japan and spread across the Korean Peninsula, resulting in a major public health crisis, perhaps one of the most serious cholera outbreaks in the twentieth century Korea. Although Busan and Pyeongyang were the cities most infected with cholera, the targets for the most intensive interventions were Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Incheon, where the Japanese Crown Prince were supposed to make a visit. The Japanese police commissioner took several anti-cholera preventive measures in Gyeongseong, including searching out patients, disinfecting and blocking infected areas, and isolating the confirmed or suspected. Nevertheless, cholera was about to be rampant especially among Japanese residents. In this situation, Ito Hirobumi, the first Resident-General of Korea, organized the temporary cholera control headquarters to push ahead the visit of the Japanese Crown Prince for his political purposes to colonize Korea. To dispel Emperor Meiji's concerns, Ito had to appoint Sato Susumu, the famous Japanese Army Surgeon General, as an advisor, since he had much credit at Court. In addition, as the Japanese-led Korean police lacked epidemic control ability and experience, the headquarters became an improvised organization commanded by the Japanese Army in Korea and wielded great influence on the formation of the colonial disease control systems. Its activities were forced, violent, and negligent, and many Korean people were quite uncooperative in some anti-cholera measures. As a result, the Japanese Army in Korea took the initiative away from the Korean police in epidemic controls, serving the heavy-handed military policy of early colonial period. In short, the cholera epidemic and its control in 1907 were important events that shaped the direction of Japan's colonial rule.

'Psychosis of civilization': a colonial-situated diagnosis.

In the late 1930s, when colonial psychiatry was well established in the Maghreb, the diagnosis 'psychosis of civilization' appeared in some psychiatrists' writings. Through the clinical case of a Libyan woman treated by the Italian psychiatrist Angelo Bravi in Tripoli, this article explores its emergence and its specificity in a differential approach, and highlights its main characteristics. The term applied to subjects poised between two worlds: incapable of becoming 'like' Europeans - a goal to which they seem to aspire - but too far from their 'ancestral habits' to revert for a quiet life. The visits of these subjects to colonial psychiatric institutions, provided valuable new material for psychiatrists: to see how colonization impacted inner life and to raise awareness of the long-term socio-political dangers.

Perspectivas y luchas antirracistas en el Movimiento Loco y los Estudios Locos: una revisión / Anti-racist Perspectives and Struggles in the Mad Movement and Mad Studies: a Review

El objetivo de este estudio es describir, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, tres líneas temá-ticas desde perspectivas descoloniales sobre algunos debates entre el movimiento locoy los movimientos antirracistas. La primera línea aborda de manera crítica la reproducción del ra-cismo en la definición histórica y hegemónica de la “salud mental” y la “enfermedad mental”. La segunda línea analiza la invisibilización de lógicas racistas y colonial/modernas dentro del propio movimiento loco, en los procesos de construcción de identidades y sujetos de referen-cia. La tercera presenta debates sobre el uso del término “descolonización” dentro del mismo movimiento. La conclusión del análisis es que, debido a la distancia histórica que ha marcado la articulación entre ambos movimientos, es necesario repensar las posibilidades, identidades y marcos teóricos de resistencias comunes. (AU)

The objective of this study is to describe, based on a bibliographic review, three thematic lines with decolonial perspectives about some debates between the mad movement and anti-racist movements. The first line critically addresses the reproduction of racism in the histori-cal and hegemonic definition of “mental health” and “mental illness”. The second line analyz-es the invisibility of racist and colonialist logics within the Mad movement itself, in the pro-cesses of construction of identities and subjects. The third presents debates on the use of the term “decolonization” within the same movement. The conclusion of the analysis is that, due to the historical distance that has marked the articulation between both movements, it is necessary to rethink the possibilities, identities and theoretical frameworks of common resistance. (AU)

Racismo epistémico en el “sertão” del nordeste brasileño: un abordaje genealógico de la salud mental / Epistemic racism in the brazilian northeastern “hinterland”: a genealogical approach to mental health

Este articulo trata del racismo epistémico en el sertãodel nordeste de Brasil, entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Responde a dos objetivos: 1) evidenciar ese fenómeno apli-cado al territorio; 2) visibilizar personajes e influencias epistemológicas en el campo de la sa-lud mental, estimulandomás estudios. Dentro del abordaje genealógico se realizó una búsque-da bibliográfica y documental interdisciplinaria, interlocuciones con actores, análisis intersec-cional y poscolonial bajo la interface entre dos paradigmas del periodo: racial/mestizaje y te-rritorio/sertão. Concluye que la racialización y subalternización encontradas se asocian al mo-mento político de construcción de la identidad nacional, siendo relevantes las teorías psiquiá-tricas, como la degeneración y la eugenesia, que también influyeron en la psicología. Están demostradas colonialidades inherentes al mesianismo y al bandolerismo nómada. Se sugiere ampliar el término de científico a epistémico, revisiones de disciplinas y prácticas globales, desde el punto de vista de la descolonización epistémica y de la Reforma Psiquiátrica. (AU)

This article presents epistemic racism in the “hinterland” of north-eastern Brazil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It responds to two objectives: 1) to evidence this phenomenon applied to the territory; 2) to make visible epistemological personages and influ-ences in the area of mental health, stimulating more studies. Using the genealogical ap-proach, interdisciplinary bibliographic and documentary analysis, interlocutions with actors, intersectional and postcolonial analysis were conducted according to the interface between two paradigms of the period: racial/mestizaje and territory/ hinterland. It concludes that the racialization and subalternization found are associated to the political moment of national identity construction, being relevant the psychiatric theories, such as degeneration and eugen-ics, which also influenced psychology. Colonialities on messianism and nomadic banditry are demonstrated. It is suggested to amplify the term from scientific to epistemic, reviews of dis-ciplines and global practices, in the direction of epistemic decolonization and Psychiatric Reform. (AU)

Povos indígenas no Brasil e a descolonização da psicologia / Indigenous people in Brazil and the decolonization of psychology / Los pueblos indígenas en Brasil y la descolonización de la psicología

Resumo Apesar do incremento de estudos e discussões sobre os povos indígenas no Brasil, a relação da Psicologia, enquanto ciência e profissão, com a temática ainda é pouco abordada nos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação e nas produções acadêmicas. Com o propósito de realizar um balanço sobre a aproximação da produção do conhecimento em Psicologia com a temática indígena, este ensaio buscará apresentar as principais categorias teóricas e analíticas que possam contribuir com o diálogo entre esses dois campos. O método tomou como base a revisão integrativa, em que primeiramente destacamos as principais contribuições teóricas e analíticas acerca da produção acadêmica brasileira sobre os povos indígenas para, em seguida, situarmos a produção científica da Psicologia sobre o tema no Brasil. Ao final, sinalizamos para a importância de se construir um recorte crítico capaz de fortalecer a Psicologia nos estudos sobre os povos indígenas. Também destacamos os estudos pós-coloniais e decoloniais críticos ao eurocentrismo enquanto organizador e regulador da visão de mundo, da história e da concepção de ser humano.(AU)

Abstract Despite the increase in studies and discussions about indigenous peoples in Brazil, the relationship between psychology, as a science and profession, and the subject is still little addressed in undergraduate/postgraduate courses and academic productions. Aiming to assess the approximation of the production of knowledge in Psychology with the indigenous theme, this essay will present the main theoretical and analytical categories that can contribute to the dialogue between these two fields. To this end, this study comprises an integrative review that both highlights the main theoretical and analytical contributions of the Brazilian literature on indigenous peoples and situates the Brazilian scientific production in Psychology on the theme. This research signals the importance of building a critical cutout capable of strengthening Psychology in studies addressing indigenous peoples, stressing post-colonial and decolonial studies criticizing the role of Eurocentrism as an organizer and regulator of worldview, history, and the conception of the human being.(AU)

Resumen A pesar del aumento de los estudios y debates sobre los pueblos indígenas en Brasil, la relación entre la psicología, como ciencia y profesión, y el tema sigue siendo poco abordado en los cursos de grado y posgrado y en las producciones académicas. Con el propósito de hacer un balance sobre la aproximación de la producción de conocimiento en Psicología con el tema indígena, este ensayo se propone presentar las principales categorías teóricas y analíticas que pueden contribuir al diálogo entre estos dos campos. El método se basó en una revisión integradora en la que, en primer lugar, destacamos las principales contribuciones teóricas y analíticas acerca de la producción académica brasileña sobre los pueblos indígenas y, a continuación, situamos la producción científica de la Psicología en Brasil sobre el tema. Al final, señalamos la importancia de construir un recorte crítico capaz de fortalecer la psicología en los estudios sobre los pueblos indígenas. En esta ocasión, destacamos los estudios críticos postcoloniales y decoloniales del eurocentrismo mientras organizador y regulador de la visión del mundo, la historia y la concepción del ser humano.(AU)

"The barbarous glebes of Central Brazil:" the hinterlands of Mato Grosso and Goiás in the travel narratives of Hermano Ribeiro da Silva, 1935-1936. / "As glebas bárbaras do Brasil Central": os sertões de Mato Grosso e Goiás nas narrativas de viagem de Hermano Ribeiro da Silva, 1935-1936.

The article analyzes the travel narratives to the hinterlands of the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás published in 1935 and 1936 by the São Paulo-based explorer Hermano Ribeiro da Silva, which proved a great publishing success and had a considerable impact on lettered society in Brazil. The analysis focuses on his ideas about the relationship between the environment in Central Brazil and the man who inhabited it, the potential economic exploitation of the region, and the role of the State in orchestrating initiatives capable of promoting its effective incorporation into the nationhood. It also seeks to understand how he grounded his discourse on generic scientific concepts and schemas endowed with rhetorical and argumentative power.

O artigo analisa as narrativas de viagem ao interior de Mato Grosso e Goiás publicadas em 1935 e 1936 pelo explorador paulista Hermano Ribeiro da Silva, que obtiveram considerável sucesso editorial e impacto no meio letrado brasileiro. Concentramo-nos em suas ideias sobre a relação entre o ambiente do Brasil Central e o homem sertanejo, sobre as potencialidades de exploração econômica da região e sobre o papel do Estado na condução de iniciativas capazes de promover sua incorporação efetiva à nacionalidade. Buscamos também compreender a fundamentação de seu discurso em conceitos e esquemas científicos genéricos dotados de poder retórico e argumentativo.

["Hypnotics" in the metropolis: Africans in the Colonial Hospital of Lisbon during the early twentieth century]. / "Hipnóticos" na metrópole: africanos no Hospital Colonial de Lisboa nas primeiras décadas do século XX.

At the start of the twentieth century, some Portuguese physicians traveled to Africa to study sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). One was Ayres Kopke, a member of the first medical mission to Portuguese West Africa and professor at the School of Tropical Medicine. After returning to Lisbon, Kopke continued his research, which included observation of patients brought to the metropolis. Starting in 1903, health departments in the colonies were responsible for sending patients with certain exotic diseases to the Colonial Hospital of Lisbon. Based on documents from this hospital including photographs of patients (who at that time were called "hypnotics"), this article discusses the importance of human experiments in Lisbon for advances in tropical medicine during the colonial period.

No início do século XX, alguns médicos portugueses foram à África estudar a chamada doença do sono. Entre eles estava Ayres Kopke, membro da primeira missão médica à África Ocidental Portuguesa. De regresso a Lisboa, o professor da Escola de Medicina Tropical continuou suas pesquisas, inclusive por meio da observação de doentes trazidos para a metrópole. Desde 1903, as repartições de saúde nas colônias estavam incumbidas de enviar doentes com determinadas patologias exóticas para o Hospital Colonial de Lisboa. Com base em documentos desse hospital, incluindo fotografias dos doentes, então chamados de hipnóticos, o artigo aborda a importância das experiências com humanos na metrópole para o avanço da medicina tropical durante o colonialismo.